The Written Register: 固然, 然而, 从而

Connectors for Essays and Articles

固然…但是 : certainly…, but

固然 (gùrán) concedes a point before qualifying it: 'certainly…, it cannot be denied that…'. Perfect for arguing.

…固然…，但是…

This method is certainly good, but its cost is too high.

然而 (rán'ér) marks an opposition at the beginning of a sentence, in a formal style—the written equivalent of 但是.

Everyone opposed it; however, he decided to do it anyway.

从而 (cóng'ér) links a consequence obtained through the previous action: 'thereby allowing to…'.

…，从而 + result

He exercises diligently, thereby maintaining his health.

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